Pre-training is an effective technique for ensuring robust performance on a variety of machine learning tasks. It typically depends on large-scale crawled corpora that can result in toxic or biased models. Such data can also be problematic with respect to copyright, attribution, and privacy. Pre-training with synthetic tasks and data is a promising way of alleviating such concerns since no real-world information is ingested by the model. Our goal in this paper is to understand what makes for a good pre-trained model when using synthetic resources. We answer this question in the context of neural machine translation by considering two novel approaches to translation model pre-training. Our first approach studies the effect of pre-training on obfuscated data derived from a parallel corpus by mapping words to a vocabulary of 'nonsense' tokens. Our second approach explores the effect of pre-training on procedurally generated synthetic parallel data that does not depend on any real human language corpus. Our empirical evaluation on multiple language pairs shows that, to a surprising degree, the benefits of pre-training can be realized even with obfuscated or purely synthetic parallel data. In our analysis, we consider the extent to which obfuscated and synthetic pre-training techniques can be used to mitigate the issue of hallucinated model toxicity.

基础模型（FMS）已证明了前所未有的功能，包括零拍学习，高保真数据合成和范围内的概括。但是，正如我们在本文中所显示的那样，FMS在专家任务上的开箱即用表现较差（例如，从语言查询中检索汽车手册技术插图），数据是看不见的，或者属于长尾的数据用于FM预训练的大型数据集的数据分布的一部分。这强调了在此类专家任务上明确评估和芬太尼FMS的必要性，这可以说是在实际现实世界中最重要的任务。在本文中，我们提出了围绕教授FMS了解技术文档的任务，通过学习将其图形插图与相应的语言描述相匹配的任务围绕着了解技术文档的任务。我们的FETA基准重点是公共汽车手册和销售目录手册中的文本对图像和图像到文本检索。 FETA配备了完全自动注释提取的程序（接受后将发布代码），从而使Feta轻松扩展到将来更多的文档类型和应用域。我们的自动注释导致自动性能指标显示，该指标与在人类策划注释中计算的指标一致（也发布）。我们提供多个基线和对FETA的流行FM的分析，从而导致一些有趣的发现，我们认为这对FM社区非常有价值，为现实世界中FMS应用于当前被标准基准的“忽视”的实践专家任务铺平了道路。在常见对象上。

在Imagenet或其他大规模数据数据上的预培训模型导致计算机愿景的主要进步，尽管伴随着与策划成本，隐私，使用权和道德问题相关的缺点。在本文中，我们首次研究了基于由图形模拟器生成的合成数据到来自非常不同的域的下游任务的培训模型的可转换性。在使用此类合成数据进行预培训时，我们发现不同任务的下游性能受到不同配置的不同配置（例如，照明，对象姿势，背景等），并且没有单尺寸适合 - 所有解决方案。因此，更好地将合成的预训练数据量身定制到特定的下游任务，以获得最佳性能。我们介绍Task2SIM，一个统一的模型将下游任务表示映射到最佳模拟参数，以为它们生成合成的预训练数据。 Task2SIM通过培训学习此映射，以查找一组“看到”任务上的最佳参数集。曾经训练过，它可以用于预测一个新颖的“看不见”任务的最佳仿真参数，而无需额外的培训。鉴于每级图像数量的预算，我们具有20个不同的下游任务的广泛实验，显示了Task2SIM的任务 - 自适应预训练数据导致明显更好的下游性能，而不是在看见和看不见的任务上的非自适应选择模拟参数。它甚至是竞争对手的真实图像的竞争力。

在本文中，我们探索从教学视频中学习的自我监督的视听模型。事先工作表明，这些模型可以在视频的大规模数据集训练后与视觉内容相关联，但它们仅在英语中进行培训和评估。为了学习多语言视听表示，我们提出了一种级联方法，它利用了在英语视频上培训的模型，并将其应用于其他语言的视听数据，例如日本视频。通过我们的级联方法，与日语视频培训相比，我们展示了近10倍的检索性能提高。我们还将培训的模型应用于英语视频培训到日语和印地文口语字幕的图像，实现最先进的性能。

如果对准确的预测的置信度不足，则选择性回归允许弃权。通常，通过允许拒绝选项，人们期望回归模型的性能会以减少覆盖范围的成本（即预测较少的样本）的成本提高。但是，正如我们所显示的，在某些情况下，少数子组的性能可以减少，同时我们减少覆盖范围，因此选择性回归可以放大不同敏感亚组之间的差异。在这些差异的推动下，我们提出了新的公平标准，用于选择性回归，要求每个子组的性能在覆盖范围内降低。我们证明，如果特征表示满足充分性标准或为均值和方差进行校准，则与所提出的公平标准相比。此外，我们介绍了两种方法，以减轻子组之间的性能差异：（a）通过在高斯假设下正规化有条件相互信息的上限，以及（b）通过对条件均值和条件方差预测的对比度损失正规。这些方法的有效性已在合成和现实世界数据集上证明。

大多数现有的工作在几次学习中，依赖于Meta-Learning网络在大型基础数据集上，该网络通常是与目标数据集相同的域。我们解决了跨域几秒钟的问题，其中基础和目标域之间存在大移位。与未标记的目标数据的跨域几秒识别问题在很大程度上在文献中毫无根据。启动是使用自我训练解决此问题的第一个方法。但是，它使用固定的老师在标记的基础数据集上返回，以为未标记的目标样本创建软标签。由于基本数据集和未标记的数据集来自不同的域，因此将基本数据集的类域中的目标图像投影，具有固定的预制模型可能是子最优的。我们提出了一种简单的动态蒸馏基方法，以方便来自新颖/基础数据集的未标记图像。我们通过从教师网络中的未标记图像的未标记版本的预测计算并将其与来自学生网络相同的相同图像的强大版本匹配来施加一致性正常化。教师网络的参数被更新为学生网络参数的指数移动平均值。我们表明所提出的网络了解可以轻松适应目标域的表示，即使它尚未在预先预测阶段的目标专用类别训练。我们的车型优于当前最先进的方法，在BSCD-FSL基准中的5次分类，3.6％的3.6％，并在传统的域名几枪学习任务中显示出竞争性能。

vision变压器（VIT）最近在图像分类上实现了对卷积神经网络（CNNS）的可比结果的强大能力。然而，Vanilla Vit只是直接从自然语言处理继承相同的架构，这通常不会针对视觉应用进行优化。在这篇文章的推动中，我们提出了一种采用金字塔结构的新架构，并在视觉变压器中采用新的区域到局部关注，而不是全球自我关注。更具体地，我们的模型首先从具有不同补丁大小的图像生成区域令牌和本地标记，其中每个区域令牌与基于空间位置的一组本地代币相关联。区域到当地的注意力包括两个步骤：第一，区域自我关注提取所有区域代币之间的全球信息，然后通过自我关注将局部自我关注与相关的本地代币之间的信息交换。因此，尽管局部自我关注限制了当地区域的范围，但它仍然可以接收全球信息。在四个视觉任务中进行广泛的实验，包括图像分类，对象和关键点检测，语义分割和动作识别，表明我们的方法优于或与最先进的Vit变体（包括许多并发作品）的差异。我们的源代码和模型可在https://github.com/ibm/regionvit上使用。

The recently developed vision transformer (ViT) has achieved promising results on image classification compared to convolutional neural networks. Inspired by this, in this paper, we study how to learn multi-scale feature representations in transformer models for image classification. To this end, we propose a dual-branch transformer to combine image patches (i.e., tokens in a transformer) of different sizes to produce stronger image features. Our approach processes small-patch and large-patch tokens with two separate branches of different computational complexity and these tokens are then fused purely by attention multiple times to complement each other. Furthermore, to reduce computation, we develop a simple yet effective token fusion module based on cross attention, which uses a single token for each branch as a query to exchange information with other branches. Our proposed cross-attention only requires linear time for both computational and memory complexity instead of quadratic time otherwise. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach performs better than or on par with several concurrent works on vision transformer, in addition to efficient CNN models. For example, on the ImageNet1K dataset, with some architectural changes, our approach outperforms the recent DeiT by a large margin of 2% with a small to moderate increase in FLOPs and model parameters. Our source codes and models are available at https://github.com/IBM/CrossViT.

Machine Translation (MT) system generally aims at automatic representation of source language into target language retaining the originality of context using various Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Among various NLP methods, Statistical Machine Translation(SMT). SMT uses probabilistic and statistical techniques to analyze information and conversion. This paper canvasses about the development of bilingual SMT models for translating English to fifteen low-resource Indian Languages (ILs) and vice versa. At the outset, all 15 languages are briefed with a short description related to our experimental need. Further, a detailed analysis of Samanantar and OPUS dataset for model building, along with standard benchmark dataset (Flores-200) for fine-tuning and testing, is done as a part of our experiment. Different preprocessing approaches are proposed in this paper to handle the noise of the dataset. To create the system, MOSES open-source SMT toolkit is explored. Distance reordering is utilized with the aim to understand the rules of grammar and context-dependent adjustments through a phrase reordering categorization framework. In our experiment, the quality of the translation is evaluated using standard metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and RIBES

In this work, we propose a novel generative model for mapping inputs to structured, high-dimensional outputs using structured conditional normalizing flows and Gaussian process regression. The model is motivated by the need to characterize uncertainty in the input/output relationship when making inferences on new data. In particular, in the physical sciences, limited training data may not adequately characterize future observed data; it is critical that models adequately indicate uncertainty, particularly when they may be asked to extrapolate. In our proposed model, structured conditional normalizing flows provide parsimonious latent representations that relate to the inputs through a Gaussian process, providing exact likelihood calculations and uncertainty that naturally increases away from the training data inputs. We demonstrate the methodology on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data from the ChemCam instrument onboard the Mars rover Curiosity. ChemCam was designed to recover the chemical composition of rock and soil samples by measuring the spectral properties of plasma atomic emissions induced by a laser pulse. We show that our model can generate realistic spectra conditional on a given chemical composition and that we can use the model to perform uncertainty quantification of chemical compositions for new observed spectra. Based on our results, we anticipate that our proposed modeling approach may be useful in other scientific domains with high-dimensional, complex structure where it is important to quantify predictive uncertainty.